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Operation Northwoods was a proposed operation against the Cuban government, that originated within the Department of Defense (DoD) and the Joint Chiefs of Staff (JCS) of the United States government in 1962. The proposals called for the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) or other US government operatives to commit acts of terrorism against American civilians and military targets, blaming it on the Cuban government, and using it to justify a war against Cuba. The proposals were rejected by the Kennedy administration. At the time of the proposal, communists led by Fidel Castro had recently taken power in Cuba. The operation proposed creating public support for a war against Cuba by blaming it for terrorist acts that would actually be perpetrated by the US Government (so called "false flag operations").〔Zaitchik, Alexander (3 March 2011) (Meet Alex Jones ), ''Rolling Stone''〕 To this end, Operation Northwoods proposals recommended hijackings and bombings followed by the introduction of phony evidence that would implicate the Cuban government. It stated: The desired resultant from the execution of this plan would be to place the United States in the apparent position of suffering defensible grievances from a rash and irresponsible government of Cuba and to develop an international image of a Cuban threat to peace in the Western Hemisphere. Several other proposals were included within Operation Northwoods, including real or simulated actions against various US military and civilian targets. The operation recommended developing a "Communist Cuban terror campaign in the Miami area, in other Florida cities and even in Washington". The plan was drafted by the Joint Chiefs of Staff, signed by Chairman Lyman Lemnitzer and sent to the Secretary of Defense. Although part of the US government's anti-communist Cuban Project, Operation Northwoods was never officially accepted; it was authorized by the Joint Chiefs of Staff, but then rejected by President John F. Kennedy. According to currently released documentation, none of the operations became active under the auspices of the Operation Northwoods proposals. ==Origins and public release== The main proposal was presented in a document titled "Justification for U.S. Military Intervention in Cuba (TS)," a top secret collection of draft memoranda written by the Department of Defense (DoD) and the Joint Chiefs of Staff (JCS).〔U.S. Joint Chiefs of Staff, ("Justification for US Military Intervention in Cuba (TS)" ), ''U.S. Department of Defense'', 13 March 1962. The Operation Northwoods document in PDF format on the website of the independent, non-governmental research institute the National Security Archive at the George Washington University Gelman Library, Washington, D.C. Direct PDF links: (here ) and (here ).〕 The document was presented by the Joint Chiefs of Staff to Secretary of Defense Robert McNamara on 13 March 1962 as a preliminary submission for planning purposes. The Joint Chiefs of Staff recommended that both the covert and overt aspects of any such operation be assigned to them. The previously secret document was originally made public on 18 November 1997, by the John F. Kennedy Assassination Records Review Board,〔("The Records of the Assassination Records Review Board," ) ''National Archives and Records Administration''.〕 a U.S. federal agency overseeing the release of government records related to John F. Kennedy's assassination.〔("Media Advisory: National Archives Releases Additional Materials Reviewed by the Assassination Records Review Board," ) ''Assassination Records Review Board'' (a division of the U.S. National Archives and Records Administration), 17 November 1997. A U.S. government press-release announcing the declassification of some 1,500 pages of U.S. government documents from 1962 to 1964 relating to U.S. policy towards Cuba, among which declassified documents included the Operation Northwoods document.〕〔Tim Weiner, ("Documents Show Pentagon's Anti-Castro Plots During Kennedy Years," ) ''New York Times'', 19 November 1997; appeared on the same date and by the same author in the ''New York Times'' itself as ("Declassified Papers Show Anti-Castro Ideas Proposed to Kennedy," ) late edition—final, section A, pg. 25, column 1.〕 A total of 1,521 pages of once-secret military records covering 1962 to 1964 were concomitantly declassified by said Review Board. "Appendix to Enclosure A" and "Annex to Appendix to Enclosure A" of the Northwoods document were first published online by the National Security Archive on 6 November 1998 in a joint venture with CNN as part of its 1998 ''Cold War'' television documentary series〔("National Security Archive: COLD WAR: Documents," ) ''National Security Archive'', 27 September 1998 – 24 January 1999.〕〔U.S. Joint Chiefs of Staff, ("Appendix to Enclosure A: Memorandum for Chief of Operations, Cuba Project" and "Annex to Appendix to Enclosure A: Pretexts to Justify U.S. Military Intervention in Cuba," ) ''U.S. Department of Defense'', c. March 1962. First published online by the National Security Archive on 6 November 1998, as part of CNN's ''Cold War'' documentary series. "Annex to Appendix to Enclosure A" is the section of the Operation Northwoods document which contains the proposals to stage terrorist attacks.〕—specifically, as a documentation supplement to "Episode 10: Cuba," which aired on 29 November 1998.〔("Cold War Teacher Materials: Episodes," ) and ("Educator Guide to CNN's COLD WAR Episode 10: Cuba," ) ''Turner Learning'' (Turner Broadcasting System, Inc.).〕 "Annex to Appendix to Enclosure A" is the section of the document which contains the proposals to stage terrorist attacks. The Northwoods document was published online in a more complete form, including cover memoranda, by the National Security Archive on 30 April 2001.〔("Pentagon Proposed Pretexts for Cuba Invasion in 1962," ) ''National Security Archive'', 30 April 2001.〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Operation Northwoods」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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